| Substrate | | Historical System | | System
|
| Hardware | | Plessey 250, CAP, C.mmp, IBM Sys38, Intel 432 | | CHERI, Risc-V, Mill
|
| OS | | DVH, Hydra, Cal-TSS, KeyKOS, EROS, Coyotos, Mach, Midori | | Capsicum, seL4, Fuscia
|
| Language | | Gedanken, W7, Eden, Emerald, Joule, E, Joe-E, Emily, M#, Caja | | Monte, Pony, Kappa, Frozen Realms, Dr.SES, Wyvern, wasm-gc
|
| Crypto Protocol | | DCCS, RATS, CapTP, Foolscap, Client Utility, Waterken | | Cap’n Proto
|
| Offline Certs | | SPKI/SDSI, E-Speak, CapCert | | Macaroons, lds-ocap
|
| Blockchain | | | | Gravity, Dfinity, RChain, Cosmos, Agoric Systems
|
| User Interface | | CapDesk, Belay | | Sandstorm
|
